This is the ninth in a series of primers developed to support policymakers and practitioners in Asia and the Pacific in their efforts to strengthen social protection. The primer clarifies understanding around universality in social protection, what it entails and how it can be operationalised. The first primer in this series explores why social protection is needed; the second explains how to design inclusive and robust social protection systems and focuses on tax-financed income security; the third focuses on its effective implementation; the fourth discusses options for financing; the fifth highlights key concepts and schemes required for disability-inclusive social protection; the sixth illustrates how the design of social protection systems can either exacerbate or mitigate the disadvantage women; the seventh highlights key design elements in developing an inclusive and comprehensive old age pension system; and the eighth outlines key strategies to ensure the right to maternity leave and maternity cash benefits.